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99% Invisible · May 5, 2026 · 35m 4s

Enshittification

Cory Doctorow explains his theory of enshittification—the process by which online platforms gradually degrade their user experience while extracting maximum value. The discussion traces the three phases: first, platforms treat users well to grow; then they exploit those users to benefit business customers; finally, they exploit business customers too, leaving a broken product. Roman Mars explores how this pattern shows up everywhere from Amazon search results to social media feeds, and what might stop it.

This summary was generated from show notes and public descriptions, not from a full transcript review. Details may contain inaccuracies.

Canon

The Enshittification Framework
Doctorow outlines the three-phase lifecycle of online platforms: from user-centric growth to exploitation of users for business customers, to exploitation of everyone, resulting in a degraded experience.

Highlights

Platform Lock-in as the Engine of Decay
The degradation of platforms is only possible because users and businesses are locked in—they can't easily take their data and leave, so the platform can abuse them without losing them.
Interoperability as the Antidote
Doctorow argues that mandating interoperability and data portability would break the cycle—if users can leave and take their reputation, content, and connections, platforms have to keep them happy.

References

The Internet Con: How to Seize the Means of ComputationCory Doctorow (2023)The book expands on the enshittification framework.
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